{"id":13197,"date":"2017-05-02T13:27:21","date_gmt":"2017-05-02T13:27:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legalraasta.com\/blog\/?p=13197"},"modified":"2026-04-07T17:17:46","modified_gmt":"2026-04-07T11:47:46","slug":"copyright-ownership-scope-protection","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.legalraasta.com\/blog\/copyright-ownership-scope-protection\/","title":{"rendered":"What is copyright ownership, its scope and protection?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalraasta.com\/copyright-registration\/\">Copyright protection<\/a><\/strong> is however given for a work which is having originality it should be however from the author and it also must have the minimum degree of creativity. So it is thus the author who is, however, the real creator of the work thereby\u00a0the first owner of the copyright and also the\u00a0 Indian law recognizes the author as the first owner of the copyright.But by the term \u2018ownership\u2019 it, however, means that it, however, includes not only the author ut also the assignee and it can however even a legal entity even though not it is defined in the Act. In Bern convention the term Author is however not defined, instead, it, however, says that the person under whose name the work is disclosed ,wh ich however\u00a0 implies that it is thus\u00a0 not necessary that always the author should however\u00a0 be the owner.\u00a0However the\u00a0 Indian copyright Act defines the term \u2018Author\u2019 with respect to the\u00a0 various works, but it however still leaves some of the\u00a0 problems. It however\u00a0 becomes more complex in the context of the\u00a0 changing technologies, ie the cinematographic works, the sound recording ,bro adcasting etc which is thus\u00a0 a combination of the\u00a0 different works, and however\u00a0 also when the\u00a0 author does the work in the course of his employment. When the new technologies however\u00a0 emerge, the different mode of communication which thus\u00a0 simultaneously arise and the exploitation of the copyright\u00a0\u00a0by the way of\u00a0the \u00a0assignment &amp; the licensing would however\u00a0 add economic benefits to the copyright owner and the provisions of the \u00a0assignment and the \u00a0licensing however \u00a0becomes crucial. By the \u00a0amendments , the Indian Copyright Act has \u00a0however taken care of such kind of \u00a0provisions, but thus still leaving\u00a0\u00a0lacunae &amp; the role of judiciary becomes crucial in interpreting of such provisions for the\u00a0 effective \u00a0protecting of the rights of these authors.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0Ownership of copyright\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The\u00a0\u00a0owner of the copyright however means the \u00a0person who however \u00a0possess and also \u00a0enjoys the legal right. The definition is however \u00a0given to the author in the context of the\u00a0 and the \u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalraasta.com\/copyright-registration\/\">copyright protection<\/a><\/strong> thus depends on the nature of the work\u00a0\u00a0&amp; s.2(d )\u00a0defines \u2018author\u2019. The creator of the work can however \u00a0also be joint authors, but a \u00a0dilemma however \u00a0lies in determining the criteria for such \u00a0joint authorship, S. 2(z) of the Copyright Act however defines the\u00a0 work of joint authorship .Such an issue however came before the court in\u00a0<em>Najma Heptulla v.Orient longman<\/em>\u00a0<em>Ltd in which there was a <\/em>question before the Court as to whether a person who however \u00a0gives form to the narration would \u00a0become the joint author of the book India Wins freedom\u2019. Eventhough the\u00a0\u00a0work was however\u00a0 composed by \u00a0Kabir the material for the book was thus\u00a0 supplied by \u00a0Azad however \u00a0with a clear understanding that kabir would however \u00a0describe those thoughts &amp; the \u00a0conversations and also write the same in English language and Kabir\u2019s function\u00a0\u00a0was only to record Azad\u2019s findings and however not to let his views \u00a0colour the narrative . The preface however\u00a0 itself showed \u00a0It that it was \u00a0Azad who had however decided as to which 30 pages of the book were not to be publish and also which of his views should however \u00a0be there \u00a0in his book and also \u00a0read every word of manuscript and also \u00a0made the alterations additions, omissions and also the correction.<\/p>\n<p>In U.S. the condition\u00a0 in order \u00a0to satisfy the joint authorship has to prove (a) in what part of expression of the work the owner has however significantly and substantially collaborated and that it is however originated from him. (b)contribution must however be the original expression to the work (c) contribution of the joint author to the work should also need not be equal but however has to be substantial or significant\u00a0\u00a0(d) what constitutes \u00a0significant and substantial contribution which however \u00a0involves his contribution to the original expression, qualitatively and also \u00a0quantitatively, either equally or significantly or substantially pursuant to a common goal.<\/p>\n<p>Another\u00a0\u00a0kind of complexity which however lies when the work is a combination of the \u00a0different works eg\u00a0\u00a0cinematographic works, sound recordings etc &amp; however the lack of clarity in the definition of \u201cproducer\u201d which however \u00a0adds to it\u00a0<strong>. <\/strong>Such a question thus \u00a0came before the court in\u00a0<em>GeePee Films(p) ltd. Vs. Pratik Chowdhary<\/em> . \u00a0The question which however was \u00a0before the court was\u00a0 that \u00a0by taking the financial responsibility of the \u00a0sound recording whether one would fall under the definition of \u2018producer\u2019. Even though the plaintiff had \u00a0paid all the expenses of recording\u00a0\u00a0and also\u00a0 the \u00a0hire charges of the \u00a0studio and the \u00a0remuneration of \u00a0the musicians\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0it would however \u00a0not amount to taking the \u00a0responsibility of such \u00a0kind of recording and it \u00a0thus cannot be held to be a producer,\u00a0\u00a0since the \u2018responsibility\u2019 which is \u00a0appearing in sec 2(uu) does nor really \u00a0refer to the financial responsibility but also the \u201cconsequential legal liability\u201d for such kind of \u00a0recording.<\/p>\n<p>Also in order to decide the ownership of the copyright when the author does the work at the instance of\u00a0\u00a0any person for some valuable consideration, or in the case of the course of the \u00a0employment under any kind of contract of service\u00a0<strong>,<\/strong> however faces some kind of \u00a0complexity and thus \u00a0what amounts to the \u00a0contact of service however \u00a0also depends on the \u00a0facts of each case &amp; the judiciary has thus \u00a0laid down different tests in order \u00a0to determine it. An author may however \u00a0however create a work independently, or he may create a work under a contract of service or contract for service<\/p>\n<p>The modern approach has however \u00a0been in order \u00a0to abandon the search for a single test, and however\u00a0 instead take a multiple or &#8216; pragmatic &#8216; approach, weighing upon all the factors for and against a contract of employment and then determining as to\u00a0 \u00a0on which side the scales however eventually settle. Factors which are however \u00a0usually of importance are as follows &#8211; the power in order \u00a0to select and dismiss, the direct payment of some kind of \u00a0form of the \u00a0remuneration, deduction of the PAYE and the national insurance contributions, the organisation of the workplace, the supply of the \u00a0tools and the \u00a0materials (though there can however \u00a0still be a labour-only sub- contract) and also \u00a0the economic realities (in particular who bears the risk of loss and has the chance of profit and whether the employee could be said to be &#8216;in business on his own account&#8217;). Also , a \u00a0further development in the recent case-law which was \u00a0(particularly concerning atypical employments) has thus \u00a0been the idea of mutuality of obligations &#8216; as a possible factor i.e. whether the course of the \u00a0dealings between the parties however \u00a0demonstrates the \u00a0sufficient such mutuality for there to be an overall employment relationship .<\/p>\n<p>However for the purpose of protection , the Copyright of &#8220;works&#8221; of the foreign nationals, whose countries area\u00a0 however\u00a0 member of the Convention Countries to which India is a signatory, are however protected against any kind of\u00a0 infringement of their &#8220;works&#8221; in India through the International Copyright Order, 1999. The Indian Courts however\u00a0 have also been pro-active for the protection of the\u00a0 Copyright of the\u00a0 foreign authors\/owners, which also\u00a0 includes the software, motion pictures including the screen play of the\u00a0 motion pictures and its database.<\/p>\n<p>The Government of India is however\u00a0 also taking an\u00a0 initiative in order to combat piracy in the software industry, motion pictures and the music industry along with players in the industry through their associations and the\u00a0 organizations such as\u00a0 NASSCOM (National Association of Software and Service Companies), NIAPC (National Initiative Against Piracy and Counterfeiting) etc.<\/p>\n<p>Copyright in any kind of work, either at present or in\u00a0 future, can however\u00a0 only be assigned or can be licensed in writing by the copyright owner or his duly authorized agent.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Copyright protection is however given for a work which is having originality it should be however from the author and it also must have the minimum degree of creativity. So it is thus the author who is, however, the real creator of the work thereby\u00a0the first owner of the copyright and also the\u00a0 Indian law recognizes [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":13198,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[411],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-13197","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-copyright-registration"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>What is copyright ownership, its scope and protection? | LegalRaasta<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Copyright protection is however given for a work which is having originality it should be however from the author and it also must have the minimum ...\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalraasta.com\/blog\/copyright-ownership-scope-protection\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"What is copyright ownership, its scope and protection? 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